پاورپوينت Research Ethics

The History of Research Ethics Regulations and Their Implementation

The first international regulation involving research ethics – The Nuremberg Code (1949) – was created in response to the atrocities in human experimentation conducted on prisoners by German Nazi doctors during World War II. Although the Nuremberg tribunal believed that the principles articulated in the Code were already widely accepted by the medical and scientific community, by codifying these principles, they established stringent and novel ethical regulations of human subjects research (Steinbock et al., 2003).

Although professional organizations, such as the American Psychological Association (APA), began including general principles of research ethics in their codes of conduct as early as the 1950s, the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki had little impact on the regulation of medical and social science research until the 1970s following revelation, and subsequent public outrage, over the government-sponsored Tuskegee syphilis study. Over the course of the 30-year study, the participants were neither informed nor treated when penicillin was discovered to be an effective treatment.

When the details of the Tuskegee study were made public in 1972, public pressure led to US Public Law 93-348 calling for the formation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1974.

the Commission produced the Belmont Report (DHEW, 1979), which established three ethical principles that became the foundation for the 1981 Code of US Federal Regulations 45CFR46 on the protection of human subjects in medical and behavioral research regulations. The Belmont principles include:

respect for persons: embodied in regulatory requirements for informed consent

benefiacence: embodied in regulations on the obligation to minimize risks and maximize research benefits

justice: reflecting in regulations requiring fair access of all populations to the benefits and burdens of research participation.

Research ethics refers to the principles and guidelines that govern the conduct of research, ensuring that it is carried out in a manner that is ethical, responsible, and respects the rights and welfare of participants and society as a whole. Key principles include:

### Research Ethics: An Overview

#### English Explanation:
Research ethics refers to the principles and guidelines that govern the conduct of research, ensuring that it is carried out in a manner that is ethical, responsible, and respects the rights and welfare of participants and society as a whole. Key principles include:

1. Informed Consent:
- Researchers must obtain voluntary, informed consent from participants. This means explaining the nature of the study, its purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits, and ensuring that participants understand and agree to participate without any coercion.
- Example: Before conducting a clinical trial for a new drug, researchers provide potential participants with all necessary information about the trial, including possible side effects, and obtain their written consent.

2. Confidentiality:
- Researchers must protect the privacy of participants and keep their data confidential. This involves securing personal information and only using it for the purposes stated in the consent form.
- Example: In a psychological study, researchers ensure that participants' identities and responses are anonymized and securely stored to prevent unauthorized access.

3. Minimizing Harm:
- Researchers have an obligation to minimize any potential harm to participants, including physical, psychological, or emotional harm. This involves conducting risk assessments and taking steps to mitigate any identified risks.
- Example: In behavioral research, researchers screen participants for any conditions that might make them particularly vulnerable to stress induced by the study and provide support resources if needed.

4. Integrity and Honesty:
- Researchers must conduct their work with honesty and integrity, avoiding fabrication, falsification, or misrepresentation of data. They should report findings truthfully and acknowledge the contributions of others.
- Example: In a scientific publication, researchers provide accurate data and credit all contributors and sources of funding.

### Examples for Each Principle of Research Ethics

#### 1. Informed Consent:
Imagine a university conducting a study on the effects of a new educational program on student performance. Researchers explain the study's purpose, procedures, potential benefits, and risks to participants. They provide a detailed consent form, ensuring students understand the study and agree to participate voluntarily.
#### 2. Confidentiality:
In a health study, researchers collect personal health data from participants. They ensure that all data is anonymized and stored securely, with access limited to authorized personnel only. This prevents unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information.
#### 3. Minimizing Harm:
A psychological study involves asking participants about past traumatic experiences. Researchers perform a thorough risk assessment and provide access to counseling services for participants who may experience distress during the study.
#### 4. Integrity and Honesty:
A researcher publishes a paper on the effects of a new drug. They present all data honestly, including negative results, and credit all contributors and funding sources. This transparency ensures that the research is trustworthy and can be replicated by others.
By following these principles, researchers ensure their studies are ethical, trustworthy, and respectful of participants' rights and well-being.

🎠💗, [19/09/1403 07:42 ب.ظ]
### Research Competence and Misconduct in Research Ethics

#### Research Competence (صلاحیت پژوهشی):
Research competence refers to the skills, knowledge, and expertise that researchers must possess to conduct their studies effectively and ethically. It includes understanding research methodologies, being proficient in the use of tools and techniques, and adhering to ethical guidelines.

##### Examples of Research Competence:
1. Proficient Use of Tools:
- Example in English: A biologist skilled in using advanced microscopy techniques to observe cellular structures and document findings accurately.
2. Understanding Methodologies:
- Example in English: A psychologist designing a study with a solid understanding of statistical analysis methods to interpret data correctly.
3. Adhering to Ethical Guidelines:
- Example in English: A medical researcher ensuring all clinical trials are conducted following ethical standards to protect participant rights and welfare.
#### Research Misconduct (رفتارهای سو پژوهشی):
Research misconduct involves violations of ethical standards and integrity in conducting research. Common types include fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and other practices that deviate from accepted norms.

##### Examples of Research Misconduct:
1. Fabrication:
- Example in English: A researcher inventing data or results that were never observed or collected.
2. Falsification:
- Example in English: A scientist manipulating research data or processes to produce a desired outcome.
3. Plagiarism:
- Example in English: A researcher using someone else's work or ideas without proper attribution.
4. Other Unethical Practices:
- Example in English: Ignoring conflicts of interest, misusing research funds, or failing to report research findings accurately.
### Conclusion
Adhering to research competence ensures the integrity, reliability, and ethical conduct of research, while avoiding research misconduct protects the credibility of scientific inquiry and the trust of the public.

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